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CONTENTS
References are to sections,
unless otherwise stated.
1 Articles and one, a little/ a
few, this, that page 9 fairly,
rather, quite, hardly etc.
a/an (the indefinite article) 1 fairly
and rather 42
Use of a/an 2 quite
43
Omission of a/an 3 hardly,
scarcely, barely 44
a/an and one 4
a little/a few and little/few 5 Inversion
of the verb
the (the definite article) 6 Inversion
after certain adverbs 45
Omission of the 7
Omission of the before home etc.
8 5
all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any,
no, none page 64
This/these, that/those 9 all,
each, every, everyone etc. 46
both 47
2 Nouns page 16 all/both/each
+ of etc. 48
Kinds and function 10 neither,
either 49
Gender 10 some,
any, no and none 50
Plurals 12 someone,
anyone, no one etc. 51
Uncountable nouns 13 else
after someone/anybody etc. 52
Form of possessive case 14 another,
other etc. with one, some 53
Use of possessive case etc. 15
Compound nouns 16 6
Interrogatives: wh-? words and how? page
71
Interrogative adjectives and pronouns 54
3 Adjectives page 23 Affirmative
verb after who etc. 55
Kinds of adjectives 17 who,
whom, whose, which, what 56
Position of adjectives 18 who,
whom, which and what as objects of
prepositions 57
Order of adjectives of quality 19
Uses of
what 58
Comparison 20 which
compared with who, what 59
Constructions with comparisons 21
Interrogative
adverbs:
than/as + pronoun + auxiliary 22 why, when, where, how 60
the + adjective 23 ever
after who, what etc. 61
Adjectives + one/ones etc. 24
many and much 25 7
Possessive, personal and reflexive pronouns: my,
mine, I, myself etc. page
75
Adjectives + infinitives 26 Possessive
adjectives and pronouns 62
Adjectives + various
constructions 27 Agreement
and use of possessive adjectives 63
Possessive pronouns replacing possessive
adjectives + nouns 64
4 Adverbs page 47 Personal
pronouns 65
Kinds of adverbs 28 Position
of pronoun objects 66
Use of it 67
Form and use Indefinite
pronouns 68
Formation of adverbs with Iy 29 Use of
they/them/their with, neither/either, someone
etc. 69
Adverbs and adjectives with Reflexive
pronouns 70
the same form 30 Emphasizing
pronouns 71
Comparative and superlative 31
far, farther/farthest etc. 32 8
Relative pronouns and clauses page 81
much, more, most 33 Defining
relative clauses 72
Constructions with comparisons 34
Relative
pronouns used in defining clauses 73
Defining clauses: persons 74
Position Defining
clauses: things 75
Adverbs of manner 35 Cleft
sentences 76
Adverbs of place 36 Relative
clause replaced by infinitive or participle 77
Adverbs of time 37 Non-defining
relative clauses 78
Adverbs of frequency 38 Non-defining
clauses: persons 79
Order of adverbs 39 all,
both, few, most, several etc. + of whom/which 80
Sentence adverbs 40 Non-defining
clauses: things 81
Adverbs of degree 41 Connective
relative clauses 82
what (relative pronoun) and which
(connective Have
as an auxiliary verb
relative) 83
Commas in relative clauses 84 Form, and
use 118
whoever, whichever etc. 85 have +
object + past participle 119
had better + bare infinitive 120
9 Prepositions page 91 have.
object + present participle 121 Introduction 86
Alternative position 87 have
as an ordinary verb
Omission of to and for before
indirect objects 88 have meaning
‘possess’ 122
Use and omission of to with verbs
of communication have meaning ‘take’,
‘give’ 123
89
Time and date: at, on, by etc. 90
Time: from, since, for etc. 91 do
Time: to, till/until, after,
afterwards (adverb) 92 Form
124
Travel and movement: from, to,
at, in, by, on, into etc. do used as an
auxiliary 125
93
at in; in, into; on, onto 94 do
used as an ordinary verb 126
above, over, under etc. 95
Prepositions used with
adjectives and participles 96 12 may and can for permission and possibility page
128
Verbs and prepositions 97 Permission
Gerunds after prepositions 98 may for
permission: forms 127
Prepositions/adverbs 99 can
for permission: forms 128
may and can used for permission in the present or
future 129
10 introduction to verbs page 105 could
or was/were allowed to for permission in the
past 130
Classes of verbs 100 Requests for permission 131
Ordinary verbs Possibility
Principal parts 101 May/might
for possibility 132
Active tenses 102 May/might
+ perfect infinitive 133
Negatives of tenses 103 could
or may/might 134
Interrogative for questions and
requests 104 can for
possibility 135
Negative interrogative 105
13 can and be able for ability
page 134
Auxiliary verbs can
and be able: forms 136
Auxiliaries and modals 106 Can/am
able, could/was able 137
Forms and patterns 107 could
+ perfect infinitive 138
Use of auxiliaries in short
answers, agreements etc. 14 ought,
should, must, have to, need for obligation
page 137
In short answers 108 ought:
forms 139
Agreements and disagreements 109 should: forms 140
Question tags 110 ought/should
compared to must and have to 141
Comment tags 111 ought/should
with the continuous infinitive 142
Additions to remarks 112 ought/should
with the perfect infinitive 143
must and have to: forms 144
11 be, have, do page 116 must
and have to: difference 145
need not and must not in the present and future 146
be as an auxiliary verb need
not, must not and must in the present and
future 147
Form and use 113 need: forms 148
be + infinitive 114 Absence
of obligation 149
need not and other forms 150
be as an ordinary verb must,
have to and need in the interrogative 151
be to denote existence, be +
adjective 115 needn’t +
perfect infinitive 152
There is/are/was/were etc. 116 Needn’t
have (done) and didn’t have/need (to do)
153
it is and there is compared 117 needn’t,
could and should + perfect infinitive 154
to need meaning ‘require’ 155
15 must, have, will and should for
deduction and In
time clauses 195
assumption page 147
must for deduction 156 In
indirect speech 196
must compared to may/might 157 The past perfect
continuous tense Form and use
197
have/had
for deduction 158
can't and couldn't used
for negative deduction 159 19 The future page 180
will and should: assumption 160 Future forms
198
The simple present 199
16 The auxiliaries dare and used page 150 Future with intention 200
dare 161 will
+ infinitive 201
used 162 The
present continuous 202
to be/become/get used to 163 The be going
to form 203
be going to used for intention 204
17 The present tenses page 153 be going to
and will + infinitive to express intention
205
The present continuous be
going to used for prediction 206
Form 164 The
future simple 207
Present participle:
spelling 165 First person will and shall 208
Uses 166 Uses
of the future simple 209
Other possible uses 167 will
contrasted with want/wish/would tike 210
Verbs not normally used 168 The
future continuous tense 211
feel, look, smel l and taste 169 The future
continuous used as an ordinary
continuous tense 212
see and hear 170 The
future continuous used to express future without
intention 213
think, assume and expect 171 The future continuous and will +
infinitive compared
214
The simple present tense Various future forms 215
Form 172 The
future perfect and the future perfect continuous
216
Used for habitual action 173
Other uses 174 20
The sequence of tenses page 195
Subordinate clauses 217
18 The past and perfect
tenses page
161 The
sequence of tenses 218
The simple past tense Form 175
Irregular verbs: form 176 21
The conditional page 196
Use for past events 177 The
conditional tenses
The past continuous tense The
present conditional tense 219
Form 178 The
perfect conditional tense 220
Main uses 179 Conditional
sentences
Other uses 180 Conditional
sentences type 1 221
Past continuous or simple past
181 Conditional
sentences type 2 222
The present perfect tense Conditional
sentences type 3 223
Form and use 182 will/would
and should 224
Use with just 183 if
+ were and inversion 225
Past actions: indefinite time 184
if, even
if, whether, unless, but for, otherwise etc.
226
Actions in an incomplete period
185 if and in
case 227
Actions lasting throughout an incomplete period 186 if only 228
Use with for and since 187 In
indirect speech 229
it is + period + since + past or perfect tense 188
Present perfect and simple past
189 22 Other
uses of will/would, shall/should page 206
The present perfect continuous
tense Habits
expressed by will, would 230
Form 190 should/would
think + that-clause or so/not 231
Use 191 would
for past intention 232
Comparison of the present perfect
shall I/we?
233
simple and continuous 192 shall:
second and third persons 234
Some more examples 193 that...should
235
The past perfect tense it
is/was + adjective + that... should 236
Form and use 194 Other
uses of should 237
23 The infinitive page
212 27
Commands, requests, invitations, advice,
suggestions page 245
Form 238 The
imperative for commands 281
Uses of the infinitive 239 Other
ways of expressing commands 282
The infinitive as subject 240 Requests
with can/could/may/might I/we 283
As object or complement 241 Requests
with could/will/would you etc. 284
Verb + how/what etc. + infinitive
242 Requests
with might 285
Infinitive after verb or verb +
object 243 Invitations
286
Infinitive after verb +• object
244 Advice
forms 287
Infinitive after verbs of knowing
and thinking etc. 245 Advice with
may/might as well + infinitive
288
The bare infinitive 246 Suggestions
289
Infinitive represented by to 247
Split infinitives 248 28
The subjunctive page 253
Infinitive as connective link 249
Form
290
Infinitive used to replace a
relative clause 250 Use of
the present subjunctive 291
Infinitive after certain nouns
251 as
if etc. + past subjunctive 292
After too, enough, so... as 252 it
is time + past subjunctive 293
Infinitive phrases 253
The continuous infinitive 254 29
care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish page
255
The perfect infinitive 255 care
and like 294
Perfect infinitive continuous 256
care,
like, love, hate, prefer 295
would like and want 296
24 The gerund page 228 would
rather/sooner and prefer/would prefer 297
Form and use 257 More
examples of preference 298
The gerund as subject 258 wish,
want and would like 299
Gerunds after prepositions 259 wish +
subject + unreal past 300
The word to 260 wish (that) + subject + would 301
Verbs followed by the gerund 261
Verbs + possessive
adjective/pronoun object + 30 The passive voice page
263
gerund 262
The verb mind 263 Form
302
The perfect gerund 264 Active
and passive equivalents 303
The passive gerund 265 Uses
of the passive 304
Prepositions with passive verbs 305
25 Infinitive and gerund
constructions page 234 Infinitive
constructions after passive verbs 306
Verbs + infinitive or gerund 266
Verbs + infinitive or gerund
without change of 31
Indirect speech page 269
meaning 267
regret, remember, forget 268 Direct and
indirect speech 307
agree/agree to, mean. propose
269 Statements
in indirect speech:
go on, stop, try. used (to) 270 tense
changes necessary 308
be afraid (of), be sorry (for) be ashamed (of) 271 Past tenses 309
Unreal past tenses 310
26 The participles page 239 might,
ought to, should, would, used to in
indirect
statements 311
Present (or active) participle
272 could
in indirect statements 312
After verbs of sensation 273 Pronoun
and adjective 313
catch, find, leave + object + present participle 274 Expressions of time and place 314
go, come, spend, waste etc. 275 Infinitive
and gerund 315
A present participle phrase
replacing a main clause say, tell,
etc, 316
276
A present participle phrase
replacing a subordinate Questions in
indirect speech 317
clause 277
Perfect participle (active) 278 Questions
beginning shall I/we? 318
Part participle (passive) and
perfect participle Questions
beginning will you/would you/could
(passive) 279 you?
319
Misrelated participles 280 Commands,
requests, advice 320
Other ways of expressing indirect commands 321
let's, let us, let
him/them 322
Exclamations and yes
and no 323
Indirect speech: mixed types 324
DOWNLOAD EBOOK HERE
DOWNLOAD EBOOK HERE
CONTENTS
References are to sections,
unless otherwise stated.
1 Articles and one, a little/ a
few, this, that page 9 fairly,
rather, quite, hardly etc.
a/an (the indefinite article) 1 fairly
and rather 42
Use of a/an 2 quite
43
Omission of a/an 3 hardly,
scarcely, barely 44
a/an and one 4
a little/a few and little/few 5 Inversion
of the verb
the (the definite article) 6 Inversion
after certain adverbs 45
Omission of the 7
Omission of the before home etc.
8 5
all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any,
no, none page 64
This/these, that/those 9 all,
each, every, everyone etc. 46
both 47
2 Nouns page 16 all/both/each
+ of etc. 48
Kinds and function 10 neither,
either 49
Gender 10 some,
any, no and none 50
Plurals 12 someone,
anyone, no one etc. 51
Uncountable nouns 13 else
after someone/anybody etc. 52
Form of possessive case 14 another,
other etc. with one, some 53
Use of possessive case etc. 15
Compound nouns 16 6
Interrogatives: wh-? words and how? page
71
Interrogative adjectives and pronouns 54
3 Adjectives page 23 Affirmative
verb after who etc. 55
Kinds of adjectives 17 who,
whom, whose, which, what 56
Position of adjectives 18 who,
whom, which and what as objects of
prepositions 57
Order of adjectives of quality 19
Uses of
what 58
Comparison 20 which
compared with who, what 59
Constructions with comparisons 21
Interrogative
adverbs:
than/as + pronoun + auxiliary 22 why, when, where, how 60
the + adjective 23 ever
after who, what etc. 61
Adjectives + one/ones etc. 24
many and much 25 7
Possessive, personal and reflexive pronouns: my,
mine, I, myself etc. page
75
Adjectives + infinitives 26 Possessive
adjectives and pronouns 62
Adjectives + various
constructions 27 Agreement
and use of possessive adjectives 63
Possessive pronouns replacing possessive
adjectives + nouns 64
4 Adverbs page 47 Personal
pronouns 65
Kinds of adverbs 28 Position
of pronoun objects 66
Use of it 67
Form and use Indefinite
pronouns 68
Formation of adverbs with Iy 29 Use of
they/them/their with, neither/either, someone
etc. 69
Adverbs and adjectives with Reflexive
pronouns 70
the same form 30 Emphasizing
pronouns 71
Comparative and superlative 31
far, farther/farthest etc. 32 8
Relative pronouns and clauses page 81
much, more, most 33 Defining
relative clauses 72
Constructions with comparisons 34
Relative
pronouns used in defining clauses 73
Defining clauses: persons 74
Position Defining
clauses: things 75
Adverbs of manner 35 Cleft
sentences 76
Adverbs of place 36 Relative
clause replaced by infinitive or participle 77
Adverbs of time 37 Non-defining
relative clauses 78
Adverbs of frequency 38 Non-defining
clauses: persons 79
Order of adverbs 39 all,
both, few, most, several etc. + of whom/which 80
Sentence adverbs 40 Non-defining
clauses: things 81
Adverbs of degree 41 Connective
relative clauses 82
what (relative pronoun) and which
(connective Have
as an auxiliary verb
relative) 83
Commas in relative clauses 84 Form, and
use 118
whoever, whichever etc. 85 have +
object + past participle 119
had better + bare infinitive 120
9 Prepositions page 91 have.
object + present participle 121 Introduction 86
Alternative position 87 have
as an ordinary verb
Omission of to and for before
indirect objects 88 have meaning
‘possess’ 122
Use and omission of to with verbs
of communication have meaning ‘take’,
‘give’ 123
89
Time and date: at, on, by etc. 90
Time: from, since, for etc. 91 do
Time: to, till/until, after,
afterwards (adverb) 92 Form
124
Travel and movement: from, to,
at, in, by, on, into etc. do used as an
auxiliary 125
93
at in; in, into; on, onto 94 do
used as an ordinary verb 126
above, over, under etc. 95
Prepositions used with
adjectives and participles 96 12 may and can for permission and possibility page
128
Verbs and prepositions 97 Permission
Gerunds after prepositions 98 may for
permission: forms 127
Prepositions/adverbs 99 can
for permission: forms 128
may and can used for permission in the present or
future 129
10 introduction to verbs page 105 could
or was/were allowed to for permission in the
past 130
Classes of verbs 100 Requests for permission 131
Ordinary verbs Possibility
Principal parts 101 May/might
for possibility 132
Active tenses 102 May/might
+ perfect infinitive 133
Negatives of tenses 103 could
or may/might 134
Interrogative for questions and
requests 104 can for
possibility 135
Negative interrogative 105
13 can and be able for ability
page 134
Auxiliary verbs can
and be able: forms 136
Auxiliaries and modals 106 Can/am
able, could/was able 137
Forms and patterns 107 could
+ perfect infinitive 138
Use of auxiliaries in short
answers, agreements etc. 14 ought,
should, must, have to, need for obligation
page 137
In short answers 108 ought:
forms 139
Agreements and disagreements 109 should: forms 140
Question tags 110 ought/should
compared to must and have to 141
Comment tags 111 ought/should
with the continuous infinitive 142
Additions to remarks 112 ought/should
with the perfect infinitive 143
must and have to: forms 144
11 be, have, do page 116 must
and have to: difference 145
need not and must not in the present and future 146
be as an auxiliary verb need
not, must not and must in the present and
future 147
Form and use 113 need: forms 148
be + infinitive 114 Absence
of obligation 149
need not and other forms 150
be as an ordinary verb must,
have to and need in the interrogative 151
be to denote existence, be +
adjective 115 needn’t +
perfect infinitive 152
There is/are/was/were etc. 116 Needn’t
have (done) and didn’t have/need (to do)
153
it is and there is compared 117 needn’t,
could and should + perfect infinitive 154
to need meaning ‘require’ 155
15 must, have, will and should for
deduction and In
time clauses 195
assumption page 147
must for deduction 156 In
indirect speech 196
must compared to may/might 157 The past perfect
continuous tense Form and use
197
have/had
for deduction 158
can't and couldn't used
for negative deduction 159 19 The future page 180
will and should: assumption 160 Future forms
198
The simple present 199
16 The auxiliaries dare and used page 150 Future with intention 200
dare 161 will
+ infinitive 201
used 162 The
present continuous 202
to be/become/get used to 163 The be going
to form 203
be going to used for intention 204
17 The present tenses page 153 be going to
and will + infinitive to express intention
205
The present continuous be
going to used for prediction 206
Form 164 The
future simple 207
Present participle:
spelling 165 First person will and shall 208
Uses 166 Uses
of the future simple 209
Other possible uses 167 will
contrasted with want/wish/would tike 210
Verbs not normally used 168 The
future continuous tense 211
feel, look, smel l and taste 169 The future
continuous used as an ordinary
continuous tense 212
see and hear 170 The
future continuous used to express future without
intention 213
think, assume and expect 171 The future continuous and will +
infinitive compared
214
The simple present tense Various future forms 215
Form 172 The
future perfect and the future perfect continuous
216
Used for habitual action 173
Other uses 174 20
The sequence of tenses page 195
Subordinate clauses 217
18 The past and perfect
tenses page
161 The
sequence of tenses 218
The simple past tense Form 175
Irregular verbs: form 176 21
The conditional page 196
Use for past events 177 The
conditional tenses
The past continuous tense The
present conditional tense 219
Form 178 The
perfect conditional tense 220
Main uses 179 Conditional
sentences
Other uses 180 Conditional
sentences type 1 221
Past continuous or simple past
181 Conditional
sentences type 2 222
The present perfect tense Conditional
sentences type 3 223
Form and use 182 will/would
and should 224
Use with just 183 if
+ were and inversion 225
Past actions: indefinite time 184
if, even
if, whether, unless, but for, otherwise etc.
226
Actions in an incomplete period
185 if and in
case 227
Actions lasting throughout an incomplete period 186 if only 228
Use with for and since 187 In
indirect speech 229
it is + period + since + past or perfect tense 188
Present perfect and simple past
189 22 Other
uses of will/would, shall/should page 206
The present perfect continuous
tense Habits
expressed by will, would 230
Form 190 should/would
think + that-clause or so/not 231
Use 191 would
for past intention 232
Comparison of the present perfect
shall I/we?
233
simple and continuous 192 shall:
second and third persons 234
Some more examples 193 that...should
235
The past perfect tense it
is/was + adjective + that... should 236
Form and use 194 Other
uses of should 237
23 The infinitive page
212 27
Commands, requests, invitations, advice,
suggestions page 245
Form 238 The
imperative for commands 281
Uses of the infinitive 239 Other
ways of expressing commands 282
The infinitive as subject 240 Requests
with can/could/may/might I/we 283
As object or complement 241 Requests
with could/will/would you etc. 284
Verb + how/what etc. + infinitive
242 Requests
with might 285
Infinitive after verb or verb +
object 243 Invitations
286
Infinitive after verb +• object
244 Advice
forms 287
Infinitive after verbs of knowing
and thinking etc. 245 Advice with
may/might as well + infinitive
288
The bare infinitive 246 Suggestions
289
Infinitive represented by to 247
Split infinitives 248 28
The subjunctive page 253
Infinitive as connective link 249
Form
290
Infinitive used to replace a
relative clause 250 Use of
the present subjunctive 291
Infinitive after certain nouns
251 as
if etc. + past subjunctive 292
After too, enough, so... as 252 it
is time + past subjunctive 293
Infinitive phrases 253
The continuous infinitive 254 29
care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish page
255
The perfect infinitive 255 care
and like 294
Perfect infinitive continuous 256
care,
like, love, hate, prefer 295
would like and want 296
24 The gerund page 228 would
rather/sooner and prefer/would prefer 297
Form and use 257 More
examples of preference 298
The gerund as subject 258 wish,
want and would like 299
Gerunds after prepositions 259 wish +
subject + unreal past 300
The word to 260 wish (that) + subject + would 301
Verbs followed by the gerund 261
Verbs + possessive
adjective/pronoun object + 30 The passive voice page
263
gerund 262
The verb mind 263 Form
302
The perfect gerund 264 Active
and passive equivalents 303
The passive gerund 265 Uses
of the passive 304
Prepositions with passive verbs 305
25 Infinitive and gerund
constructions page 234 Infinitive
constructions after passive verbs 306
Verbs + infinitive or gerund 266
Verbs + infinitive or gerund
without change of 31
Indirect speech page 269
meaning 267
regret, remember, forget 268 Direct and
indirect speech 307
agree/agree to, mean. propose
269 Statements
in indirect speech:
go on, stop, try. used (to) 270 tense
changes necessary 308
be afraid (of), be sorry (for) be ashamed (of) 271 Past tenses 309
Unreal past tenses 310
26 The participles page 239 might,
ought to, should, would, used to in
indirect
statements 311
Present (or active) participle
272 could
in indirect statements 312
After verbs of sensation 273 Pronoun
and adjective 313
catch, find, leave + object + present participle 274 Expressions of time and place 314
go, come, spend, waste etc. 275 Infinitive
and gerund 315
A present participle phrase
replacing a main clause say, tell,
etc, 316
276
A present participle phrase
replacing a subordinate Questions in
indirect speech 317
clause 277
Perfect participle (active) 278 Questions
beginning shall I/we? 318
Part participle (passive) and
perfect participle Questions
beginning will you/would you/could
(passive) 279 you?
319
Misrelated participles 280 Commands,
requests, advice 320
Other ways of expressing indirect commands 321
let's, let us, let
him/them 322
Exclamations and yes
and no 323
Indirect speech: mixed types 324
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